CHEMISTRY CSS SYLLABUS (200 MARKS)
Paper-I (100 Marks)
I. Atomic Structure and Quantum Chemistry
- Electromagnetic spectrum
- Photoelectric effect
- Bohr’s atomic model
- Wave and particle nature of light matter
- de Broglie’s equation
- Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
- Wave functions and Born interpretation of wave functions
- Probability density
- Eigen functions and Eigen values
- Hamiltonian operator
- Schrödinger wave equation
- Solution of Schrödinger wave equation for particle in one and three dimensional box
II. Electrochemistry
- Ions in solution
- Measurement of conductance and Kohlrausch’s law
- Mobility of ions and transport number
- Conductometric titrations
- Debye-Hückel theory and activity coefficient
- Determination of activities
- Redox reactions
- Spontaneous reactions
- Electrochemical cells
- Standard electrode potentials
- Liquid junction potential
- Electrochemical series
- Nernst’s equation
- Measurement of pH
- Electrolytic cells
- Potentiometry
- Reference and indicator electrodes
- Fuel cells
- Corrosion and its prevention
III. Thermodynamics
- Equation of states
- Ideal and real gases
- Van der Waals equation for real gases
- Critical phenomena and critical constants
- Four laws of thermodynamics and their applications
- Thermochemistry
- Calorimetry
- Heat capacities and their dependence on temperature, pressure and volume
- Reversible and non-reversible processes
- Spontaneous and non-spontaneous processes
- Hess’s law
- Born-Haber cycle
- Relations of entropy and Gibbs free energy with equilibrium constant
- Gibbs Helmholtz equation
- Fugacity and activity
IV. Chemical Kinetics
- Rate and molecularity of reactions
- Factors affecting rate of a chemical reaction
- Zero, first, second and third order reactions with same initial concentrations
- Half-lives of reactions
- Experimental techniques for determination of order of reaction
- Integration method
- Half-life method
- Initial rate method
- Graphical methods
- Collision theory
- Transition state theory
- Arrhenius equation
- Rate equations of complex reactions
V. Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Properties of liquids
- Physical and chemical properties of surface
- Determination of surface area
- Adsorption and absorption
- Physical adsorption and chemisorption
- Adsorption isotherms
- Langmuir adsorption isotherm
- Freundlich adsorption isotherm
- Colloids
- Properties
- Classification
- Preparation of colloidal systems
- Surfactants
- Phase rule
- Gibbs equation of phase rule
- One component systems
- Two component systems and examples
- Catalysis
- Homogeneous catalysis
- Heterogeneous catalysis
- Acid-base catalysis
- Enzyme catalysis
VI. Fundamentals of Chemometrics
- Sampling
- Significant figures
- Stoichiometric calculations
- Measurement errors
- Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
- Arithmetic mean
- Median
- Mode
- Standard deviation / relative standard deviation
- Confidence limits
- Gaussian distribution
- Least square method
- Statistical tests
VII. Separation Methods
- Solvent extraction
- Theory of solvent extraction
- Solvent extraction of metals
- Analytical separations
- Multiple batch extraction
- Counter current distribution
- Chromatography
- Theory of chromatography
- Classification and overview of chromatographic techniques
- Paper chromatography
- Thin layer chromatography
- Column chromatography
- Ion exchange chromatography
- Electrophoresis
- Principle
- Application as separation and characterization of proteins
VIII. Basic Inorganic Chemistry
- Types of chemical bonding
- Ionic and covalent bonding
- Localized bond approach
- Theories of chemical bonding
- Valence bond theory (VBT)
- Hybridization and resonance
- Prediction of molecular shapes using VSEPR model
- Molecular orbital theory (MOT) applied to diatomic molecules
- Delocalized approach to bonding
- Bonding in electron deficient compounds
- Hydrogen bonding
- Physical and chemical properties of p-block elements
- Oxygen
- Carbon
- Chlorine
- Silicon
- Nitrogen
- Phosphorus
- Representative compounds
IX. Acids and Bases
- Chemical equilibrium
- Acid–base theories
- Soft and hard acid and base (SHAB) concept
- Relative strength of acids and bases
- Significance of pH, pKa, pKb
- Buffer solutions
- Theory of indicators
- Solubility
- Solubility product
- Common ion effect
- Industrial applications
X. Chemistry of d and f-block Elements
- General characteristics of d-block elements
- Historical background of coordination chemistry
- Nomenclature and structure of coordination complexes
- Coordination number 2–10
- Chelates and chelate effect
- Theories of coordination complexes
- Werner’s theory
- Valence bond theory (VBT)
- Crystal field theory (CFT)
- Molecular orbital theory (MOT)
- Jahn-Teller theorem
- Magnetic properties
- Spectral properties
- Isomerism
- Stereochemistry
- Stability constants of coordination complexes
- Lanthanides
- Occurrence
- Extraction
- Principles of separation
- Electronic structure
- Position in periodic table
- Lanthanide contraction
- Oxidation states
- Spectral properties
- Magnetic properties
- Uses
- Actinides
- General characteristics
- Electronic structure
- Oxidation state
- Position in periodic table
- Half-life
- Decay law
Paper-II (100 Marks)
I. Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry
- Bonding and orbital hybridization
- Localized and delocalized bonding
- Inductive effect
- Dipole moment
- Resonance
- Hyperconjugation
II. Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbon
- Nomenclature
- Physical properties
- Preparation and reactions of alkanes
- Preparation and reactions of alkenes
- Preparation and reactions of alkynes
III. Chemistry of Aromatic Compounds
- Benzene structure
- Aromaticity
- Mechanism of electrophilic substitution reaction
- Activating substituents
- Deactivating substituents
- Effect of substituents on orientation and reactivity
IV. Chemistry of Functional Groups
- Alcohols
- Phenols
- Ethers
- Amines
- Alkyl halides
- Grignard reagent
- Aldehydes
- Ketones
- Carboxylic acids
- Acid halides
- Acid anhydrides
- Esters
- Amides
V. Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions
- Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reactions
- Elimination reactions
- Zaitsev rule
- Hofmann rule
- Competition between substitution and elimination reactions
VI. Stereochemistry
- Molecular chirality
- Types of stereoisomers
- R,S configuration
- E,Z designation
- Optical activity
- Stereoselectivity
- Stereospecificity
- Resolution of racemic mixtures
VII. Organic Spectroscopy
- UV/Visible spectroscopy
- ¹H NMR spectroscopy
- IR spectroscopy
- Mass spectroscopic techniques
VIII. Biomolecules
- Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides
- Oligosaccharides
- Polysaccharides
- Biological functions of starch, glycogen, cellulose, cell wall polysaccharides
- Lipids
- Classification
- Biological importance
- Role in biological membranes
- Transport mechanism
- Amino Acids
- Classification
- Physical properties
- Chemical properties
- Biological significance
- Proteins
- Classification
- Properties
- Biological significance
- Primary structure
- Secondary structure
- Tertiary structure
- Quaternary structure
- Nucleic Acids
- Chemical composition
- Structure
- Biological significance
- Enzymes
- Enzyme-substrate interactions
- Nature of active site
- Mechanism of enzyme action
- Kinetics of single substrate reactions
- Enzyme inhibition
- Regulatory enzymes
- Allosteric enzymes
IX. Metabolism
- Digestion
- Absorption and transport of proteins
- Absorption and transport of carbohydrates
- Absorption and transport of lipids
- Absorption and transport of nucleic acids
- Glycolysis
- Citric acid cycle
- Gluconeogenesis
- Glycogenesis
- Glycogenolysis
- Photosynthesis
- Biosynthesis of triglycerides
- Biosynthesis of phosphides
- Biosynthesis of steroids
- Biosynthesis of bile acids
- Ketone bodies
- Biochemical reactions of amino acids
- Decarboxylation
- Deamination
- Transamination
- Transmethylation
- Urea cycle
- Creatine synthesis
- Uric acid synthesis
- Catabolism of nucleosides
- DNA polymerases
- Other enzymes involved in metabolism
X. Chemical Industries
- Manufacturing and processing of sugar
- Manufacturing and processing of cement
- Manufacturing and processing of glass
- Manufacturing and processing of paper
- Manufacturing and processing of fertilizers
- Manufacturing and processing of soap
- Manufacturing and processing of detergents
FPSC Official CHEMISTRY CSS SYLLABUS
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