CHEMISTRY CSS SYLLABUS
- Paper-I (100 Marks) I. Atomic Structure and Quantum Chemistry
- Electromagnetic spectrumPhotoelectric effectBohr’s atomic modelWave and particle nature of light matterDe Broglie’s equationHeisenberg’s uncertainty principleWave functions and Born interpretation of wave functionsProbability densityEigen functions and Eigen valuesHamiltonian operatorSchrödinger wave equation and its solution for particle in one and three-dimensional box
- Ions in solutionMeasurement of conductance and Kohlrausch’s lawMobility of ions and transport numberConductometric titrationsDebye-Hückel theory and activity coefficientDetermination of activitiesRedox reactionsSpontaneous reactionsElectrochemical cellsStandard electrode potentialsLiquid junction potentialElectrochemical seriesNernst’s equationMeasurement of pHElectrolytic cellsPotentiometryReference and indicator electrodesFuel cellsCorrosion and its prevention
- Equation of statesIdeal and real gasesThe Van der Waals equation for real gasesCritical phenomena and critical constantsFour laws of thermodynamics and their applicationsThermochemistryCalorimetryHeat capacities and their dependence on temperature, pressure, and volumeReversible and non-reversible processesSpontaneous and non-spontaneous processesHess’s lawThe Born-Haber cycleRelations of entropy and Gibbs free energy with equilibrium constantGibbs Helmholtz equationFugacity and activity
- The rate and molecularity of reactionsFactors affecting rate of a chemical reactionZero, first, second, and third-order reactions with same initial concentrationsHalf-lives of reactionsExperimental techniques for determination of order of reaction (integration, half-life, initial rate, and graphical methods)Collision theoryTransition state theoryArrhenius equationRate equations of complex reactions
- Properties of liquidsPhysical and chemical properties of surfaceDetermination of surface areaAdsorption and absorption: physical adsorption and chemisorptionAdsorption isotherms: Langmuir adsorption isotherm and Freundlich adsorption isothermColloids: properties, classification, and preparation of colloidal systemsSurfactantsPhase rule: Gibbs equation of phase rule, one-component systems, two-component systems and their examplesCatalysis: homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, acid-base and enzyme catalysis
- SamplingSignificant figuresStoichiometric calculationsMeasurement errorsAnalysis of variance (ANOVA)Arithmetic mean, median, modeStandard deviation/relative standard deviationConfidence limitsGaussian distributionLeast square methodStatistical tests
- Solvent extraction: theory, solvent extraction of metals, analytical separations, multiple batch extraction, and counter-current distributionChromatography: theory, classification, and overview (paper, thin layer, column, and ion exchange)Principle of electrophoresis and its application in separation and characterization of proteins
- Types of chemical bonding: ionic and covalentLocalized bond approachTheories of chemical bonding: valence bond theory (VBT), hybridization, and resonancePrediction of molecular shapes using valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) modelMolecular orbital theory (MOT) applied to diatomic moleculesDelocalized approach to bondingBonding in electron-deficient compoundsHydrogen bondingPhysical and chemical properties of p-block elements (oxygen, carbon, chlorine, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus) and representative compounds
- Brief concepts of chemical equilibriumAcid–base theories including soft and hard acid and base (SHAB) conceptRelative strength of acids and basesSignificance of pH, pKa, pKb, and buffer solutionsTheory of indicatorsSolubility, solubility product, common ion effect, and their industrial applications
- General characteristics of d-block elementsHistorical background of coordination chemistryNomenclature and structure of coordination complexes (coordination number 2-10)Chelates and chelate effectTheories of coordination complexes: Werner’s theory, Valence bond theory (VBT), Crystal field theory (CFT), and Molecular orbital theory (MOT)Jahn-Teller theoremMagnetic propertiesSpectral propertiesIsomerismStereochemistry and stability constants of coordination complexesGeneral characteristics of Lanthanides: occurrence, extraction, separation principles, electronic structure, lanthanide contraction, oxidation states, spectral and magnetic properties, usesGeneral characteristics of actinides: electronic structure, oxidation state, periodic table position, half-life, and decay law
- Bonding and orbital hybridizationLocalized and delocalized bondingInductive effectDipole momentResonanceHyperconjugation
- NomenclaturePhysical propertiesPreparation and reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
- Benzene structureAromaticityMechanism of electrophilic substitution reactionActivating and deactivating substituentsEffect of substituents on orientation and reactivity
- Preparation and properties of alcohols, phenols, ethers, and amines (focus on reaction mechanism and applications)Preparation and reactions of alkyl halidesSynthetic applications of Grignard reagentCarbonyl compounds: preparation and reaction mechanism of aldehydes and ketones, applicationsCarboxylic acids and their derivatives: acidity, effect of substituents, preparation and reactions (including acid halides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides)
- Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution reactionsElimination reactions: Zaitsev rule and Hofmann ruleCompetition between substitution and elimination reactions
- Molecular chiralityTypes of stereoisomersR,S configuration and E,Z designationOptical activityStereoselectivity and stereospecificityResolution of racemic mixtures
- Theory, principle, instrumentation, and applications of UV/Visible, 1H NMR, IR spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopic techniques
- Carbohydrates: monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, biological functions (starch, glycogen, cellulose, cell wall polysaccharides)Lipids: classification, biological importance, role in biological membranes, transport mechanismsAmino acids: classification, physical and chemical properties, biological significanceProteins: classification, properties, biological significance, primary to quaternary structuresNucleic acids: chemical composition, structure, biological significanceEnzymes: substrate interactions, active site, mechanism of action, kinetics, inhibition, regulatory and allosteric enzymes
- Digestion, absorption, and transport of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acidsGlycolysis, citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and photosynthesisBiosynthesis: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, bile acids, ketone bodiesBiochemical reactions of amino acids: decarboxylation, deamination, transamination, transmethylationUrea cycle, creatine and uric acid synthesisCatabolism of nucleosidesDNA polymerases and metabolic enzymes
- Manufacturing and processing of sugar, cement, glass, paper, fertilizers, soap, and detergents